second draft



*second draft*

*Education in Egypt*

               

                     Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another . since upon the education of the people of any country, the fate of this country depends . Education plays a very decisive role in the development of any country or culture. If all the members of any society have done the basic education then they can contribute to developing a crime free and progressive society. In recent years the Government of Egypt has accorded even greater priority in improving the education system.The education system in Egypt is not only the largest in the Middle East and North Africa region but also one of the largest in the world.

                 The Egyptian educational system is highly centralized. it consists of three levels: the basic education stage for 4–14 years old: kindergarten for two years followed by primary school for six years and preparatory school for three years. Then, the secondary school stage is for three years, for ages 15 to 17, followed by the tertiary level. Education is made compulsory for 9 academic years between the ages of 6 and 14. The basic education  aims at  developing various aspects of the personality of the learner, implanting a sense of national belonging and the development of the learner ability to interact with the world around him. Also ,it aims to reduce the dropout rate among students.

                    Secondary education consists of three different types: general, technical or vocational. Technical education, which is provided in three-year and five-year programs, includes schools in three different fields: industrial, commercial and agricultural. In this way students will be able to gain certification in practical skills needed in the job market. Secondary education aims to provide the students with different types of  the general culture and special studies in arts and sciences. Moreover, to encourage creativity and develop the capacity, skills and attitudes desired, and provide opportunities for training and modern technology. Also, to develop scientific thinking in students and to encourage the spirit of research ,experimentation ,free reading and to develop language skills to gain knowledge to continue self-education .

             

               On the one hand, education in Egypt has witnessed big improvements as school enrolment has remarkably increased. Illiteracy among youth has also remarkably fallen. It  has many positive aspects such as focusing  on some specific issues, namely: National unity (that is, of Muslims and Copts); preservation of national, religious and cultural identity and social coherence and the promotion of democracy. There is also an increase in the number of schools to accommodate the large numbers of students.

                 On the other hand, Education is undergoing in Egypt at a critical juncture. As there are some factors hinder good education, such as overcrowding in classes, teaching by rote, private lessons and the yawning gap between education and job market requirements. Since a serious mismatch between supply and demand produced incompetent degree-holders in unwanted subjects .Moreover, the education system suffers from the low financial returns of teaching personnel, Lack of appropriate curriculum to the needs of the community and the low level of the relationship between the school and the family. And the policy of education in Egypt is not based on planning. we find the high school is one of the biggest educational issues ,as it has become a nightmare threatening our students. Egypt also has a shortage of skilled and semi-skilled work force .In addition , Violence in schools has become a cancer is spreading in our society  from the side of both teacher and student.

                  As Taha Hussein said "Education is as indispensable as water and air", so we have to do our best to let our children receive effective and useful education .we can eradicate the diseases of education through the  axes of development  such as increasing the role of youth in designing educational policies. In addition, we have to encourage creativity and establishing science clubs in schools, as there is a proverb says" Practice is the best of all instructors". School textbooks really need to be updated, the authors of school text books should integrate concepts and contemporary issues in the curriculum to make students cope with the international changes. There should be a comprehensive cooperation among all members of the community . The ministry of education has to pay more attention to teachers through giving them training courses and raising their salaries . There should be solidarity among family , school, and student.Educational institutions must be equipped with sports tools to empty the capacity of the students in anything useful and to uproot the violence of our society .By following these steps, we can provide our society with youth who are able to achieve the greatness for Egypt  and make it  in the ranks of developed countries.

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first draft

    

*First draft*

*Education in Egypt*

               

                    Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another . since upon the education of the people of any country, the fate of this country depends, it  isn't strange for many countries to make education of the most important priorities . Education plays a very decisive role in the development of any country or culture. If all the members of any society have done the basic education then they can contribute towards developing a crime free and progressive society. In recent years the Government of Egypt has accorded even greater priority in improving the education system.The education system in Egypt is not only the largest in the Middle East and North Africa region but also one of the largest in the world.

                 The Egyptian educational system is highly centralized. it consists   of three levels: the basic education stage for 4–14 years old: kindergarten for two years followed by primary school for six years and preparatory school for three years. Then, the secondary school stage is for three years, for ages 15 to 17, followed by the tertiary level. Education is made compulsory for 9 academic years between the ages of 6 and 14. The basic education  aims at  developing various aspects of the personality of the learner, implanting a sense of national belonging and the development of the learner ability to interact with the world around him. Also ,it aims to reduce the dropout rate among students.

                     Secondary education consists of three different types: general, technical or vocational. Technical education, which is provided in three-year and five-year programs, includes schools in three different fields: industrial, commercial and agricultural. In this way students will be able to gain certification in practical skills needed in the job market. Secondary education aims to provide the students with different types of  the general culture and special studies in arts and sciences. Moreover, to encourage creativity and develop the capacity, skills and attitudes desired, and provide opportunities for training and modern technology. Also, to develop scientific thinking in students and to encourage the spirit of research ,experimentation ,free reading and to develop language skills to gain knowledge to continue self-education .

             

              On the one hand, education in Egypt has witnessed big improvements as school enrolment has remarkably increased. Illiteracy among youth has also remarkably fallen. It  has many positive aspects such asf focusing  on some specific issues, namely: National unity (that is, of Muslims and Copts); preservation of national, religious and cultural identity and social coherence and the promotion of democracy. There is also an increase in the number of schools to accommodate the large numbers of students.

                 On the other hand, Education is undergoing in Egypt at a critical juncture. As there are some factors hinder good education, such as overcrowding in classes, teaching by rote, private lessons and the yawning gap between education and job market requirements. Since a serious mismatch between supply and demand produced incompetent degree-holders in unwanted subjects .Moreover, the education system suffers from the low financial returns of teaching personnel, Lack of appropriate curriculum to the needs of the community and the low level of the relationship between the school and the family. And the policy of education in Egypt is not based on planning. we find the high school is one of the biggest educational issues ,as it has become a nightmare threatening our students. Due to lack of good quality of  education at the basic and secondary levels, there has been mushrooming market for private tutoring. Egypt also has a shortage of skilled and semi-skilled work force .In addition , Violence in schools has become a cancer is spreading in our society  from the side of both teacher and student.

              

         

                    As Taha Hussein said "Education is as indispensable as water and air", so we have to do our best to let our children receive clear and pure education .we can eradicate the diseases of education through the  axes of development  such as increasing the role of youth in designing educational policies. In addition, we have to encourage creativity and establishing science clubs in schools, as there is a proverb says" Practice is the best of all instructors". School textbooks really need to be updated, the authors of school text books should integrate concepts and contemporary issues in the curriculum to make students cop with the international changes. There should be a comprehensive cooperation among all members of the community . The ministry of education has to pay more attention to teachers through giving them training courses. There should be solidarity among family , school, and student.Educational institutions must be  equipped with sports tools to empty the capacity of the students in anything useful and to uproot the violence of our society .By following these steps, we can provide our society with youth who are able to achieve the greatness for Egypt  and make it  in the ranks of developed countries.

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Brainstorming

*Brainstorming*

*The educational system in Egypt*

*synopsis about education in Egypt.

*The levels of public education system in Egypt: Basic, secondary ,post-secondary education.

* Types of  governmental schools in Egypt: Arabic ,experimental schools.

*Problems of education in Egypt: lack of trained educators and inflation in classes and Classroom density.

*The advantages of education in Egypt: Free education and The large increase in the number of schools.

*The axes of development  of education in Egypt: modification of curricula, The rehabilitation of teachers through training courses and raise awareness among parents to cooperate with the schools of their children.

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BE optimist

When the heart is enlivened again, it feels like the sun coming out after a week of rainy days. There is hope in the heart

that chases the clouds away. Hope is a higher heart frequency and as you begin to reconnect with your heart, hope is waiting to show you new possibilities and arrest the downward spiral of grief and loneliness. It becomes a matter of how soon you want the sun to shine. Listening to the still, small voice in your heart will make hope into a reality.

second draft

*Second draft*

* Arab Migration to western countries*

                 Migration is considered a movement of people from one country to another  . The migration of Arabs  to the American continent dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century. Migration has many axes that can be discussed.   First of all its types , it can be divided into  first, optional: that made  by the individual's will and usually a desire to move to a new home for  a better life. Second, Forced migration (displacement): to be made by an external force imposed against the will of individuals or groups. For instance,  700 thousand Palestinians have been displaced after the 1948 war outside of Palestine. Third, Permanent migration: individual or groups migrate to a new country and the return to their homeland may be possible. Fourth, Temporary migration: where the individual or groups migrate  to a new home on a temporary basis in order to improve educational attainment or the living situation but they  return to their native country at the end. Arab Migration to western  countries has its justifiable reasons ,benefits and demerits as they are mentioned later.

                  Migration to western countries is  due to several reasons   that can be subdivided  into   political: like Political instability, corruption , nepotism and  weakness of public freedoms .   Also there are  economic dimensions of the Arab brain drain(the migration of the  Arab scientists): such as Lower standard of living of the scientific competencies . Because the income level of the learners and the scientific competencies  is generally low and below the level of income of merchants , professionals, and others .what  urges them to migrate to a country that appreciates  science and  scientists.   Finally ,the recreational purposes like tourist visits. A lot of Arab immigrants have left their homes, and migrated to a new country, after visiting this country in temporary tourist  visits . They were pleased to live there forever.

                 On the one hand , some  people support the idea of migration as there are some benefits of  migration to western countries ,they are as the following: Material income, for example, Egypt is benefiting from remittances from Egyptians working abroad, whether they are scientists or others.  Also Contribution to solving the unemployment problem and relieving its effects .  In addition,  increase scientific knowledge :most scientists migrate to the advanced industrial countries as they have a good environment for them to exercise their  competence. This is what was missing in their homeland, and this outcome contributes to the progress and the prosperity of their  homeland later.  Moreover, the presence of Arab scientists in developed countries, contributes to the definition of their country and their culture,  their ideas and their  political beliefs to the other peoples.                   

 

(The brain drain Arab)

(migration of Arab scientists)

               On the other hand,  people who reject the idea of migration think it has some dangerous demerits like  beneficiary countries of the Arab brain drain. For example, The growing influence of America  is due to the increasing migration to it, and 33% of those who received the Nobel Prize in America were immigrants. Many studies indicate that America wouldn't have achieved all this progress without  the immigrant scientists such as Albert Einstein, Farouq Al Baz and Ahmed Zewail.Also,research centers and universities are deprived  of the Arab scientists who are needed to teach at universities. What's more, lack of social balance: most migrants are young males and their marriages to foreign women deprived  their females of marriage, and f and there are more than 15 million women are spinsters.

               In conclusion, migration to western countries  is a double-edged sword and we have to make  best use of its benefits . I agree with the temporary migration as we can transfer Scientific expertise and technological progress to our country through sending  scientific missions and scholarships.  So it is essential for the Arab States to develop their potentials so that they can attract their  scientists and make them  stay  in their home countries. Because  they can contribute and make radical changes in the quality ,development, progress and  prosperity of the Arab nation to achieve its civilization. furthermore, I disagree with the permanent migration as the new offspring of  the Arabs  may not  have real belonging to their homeland .They  also acquire behaviors that are inconsistent with their traditions and religion like drinking alcoholic beverages, Family disintegration and moral deviation. As  it's said "East or West, Home is the best ". so we have to do our best to elevate our country to be a source of pride and dignity to us.

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migration

The brain drain Arab)

(migration of Arab scientists)

*First draft*

* Arab Migration to western countries*

                    Migration is defined as  a movement of people from one country to another  . The migration of Arabs  to the American continent dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century. Migration has many axes that can be discussed.   First of all its types , it can be divided into  first, optional that made  by individual initiative and usually a desire to move to a new home for the better. Second, Forced migration (displacement): to be made by an external force imposed against the will of individuals or groups, for example  700 thousand Palestinians have been displaced after the 1948 war outside of Palestine. Third, Permanent migration: individual or groups migrate to a new country and the return to their homeland may be possible. Fourth, Temporary migration: where the individual or groups migrate  to a new home on a temporary basis in order to improve educational attainment or the living situation but they  return to their native country at the end. Arab Migration to western  countries has its justifiable reasons ,benefits and demerits as they are mentioned later.

                   Migration to western countries due to several reasons   that can be subdivided  into   political: like Political instability, the spread of bribery, corruption , nepotism and  weakness of public freedoms .The  economic dimensions of the Arab brain drain(the migration of the  Arab scientists): such as Lower standard of living of the scientific competencies because the income level of the learners and the scientific competencies  is generally low and below the level of income of merchants , professionals, artists and others, what urges  them to migrate to a country that appreciate  science and  scientists.   Finally ,the recreational purposes like tourist visits: a lot of Arab immigrants have left their homes, and migrated to a new country, after visiting this country in temporary tourist   visits  and they were pleased to live there.

                On the one hand , some  people support the idea of migration as there are some benefits of  migration to western countries ,they are as the following: Return of Material, it varies  from state to state, as America, allows  the transfer of any amount  of money that  immigrant wants out , Arab Republic of Egypt, for example, benefits  the  transfer of funds of migrants, whether they are scientists or others, including more than $ 3 billion a year is the sum of the Suez Canal and cotton.  Also Contribution to solving the unemployment problem and relieving its effects .  In addition,  increase scientific knowledge :most scientists migrate to the advanced industrial countries as they have a good environment for them to exercise their  competence, this thing that was missing in their native land ,this outcome contributes to the progress and the prosperity of their  homeland later.  Furthermore ,   As the presence of Arab scholars in developed countries, contributes  to  define their country, culture , their  ideas and their political beliefs.

                 On the other hand,  people who reject the idea of migration think it has some dangerous demerits like  Beneficiary countries of the Arab brain drain: for instance, The growing influence of America   due to the increasing migration to it, what made its population increased more its normal rate, (as) 33% of those who received the Nobel Prize in America were immigrants. Many studies indicate that America wouldn't have achieved all this progress without  the immigrant scientists such as Albert Einstein, Farouq Al Baz and Ahmed Zewail.Also,research centers and universities are deprived  of the Arab scientists who are needed to teach at universities. What's more, lack of social balance: that most migrants are young males and their marriages to foreign women deprived  their females of marriage and for that we see in the Arab world now and there are more than 15 million women are spinsters.

 

             In conclusion, migration to western countries  is a double-edged sword and we have to make the best use of its benefits . I agree with the temporary migration as we can transfer Scientific expertise and technological progress to our country through sending  scientific missions and scholarships.  So it is essential for the Arab States to develop their potentials so that they can attract their  scientists and make them  stay  in their home countries. Because  they can contribute and make radical changes in the quality ,development, progress and  prosperity of the Arab nation to achieve its civilization. Also, I disagree with the permanent migration as the new offspring of  the Arabs  may don't have real belonging to their homeland .They  also acquire behaviors that are inconsistent with their traditions and religion like drinking alcoholic beverages, Family disintegration and moral deviation. As  it's said East or West, Home is the best . so we have to do our best to elevate our country to be a source of pride and dignity to us.

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******

Brainstorming

*Brainstorming*

(Arab migration to Western countries)

*The definition of migration

*The types of migration: permanent, temporary, optional, compulsory

*The reasons for migration: political, economic, social, scientific and recreational purposes

*The benefits of migration to western countries: financial return,

solving the unemployment problem, Increase scientific knowledge, Contributing to the dialogue of civilizations.

*The demerits of migration to western countries: moral deviation, loss of the native language, lack of social balance, deprivation of the Arab scientists, Lack of belonging to the homeland